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Primate (pronounced ) is a title or rank bestowed on some archbishops in certain Christian churches. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority (title of authority) or ceremonial precedence (title of honour). ==Roman Catholic Church== In the Western Church, a primate is an archbishop—or rarely a suffragan or exempt bishop—of a specific episcopal see (called a ''primatial see'') who has precedence over the bishops of one or more ecclesiastical provinces of a particular historical, political, or cultural area. Historically, primates were granted privileges including the authority to call and preside at national synods, jurisdiction to hear appeals from metropolitan tribunals, the right to crown the sovereign of the nation, and presiding at the investiture (installation) of archbishops in their sees. The office is generally found only in older Catholic countries, and is now purely honorific, enjoying no effective powers under canon law—except for the Archbishop of Esztergom (Gran) in Hungary.〔 Thus, e.g., the Primate of Poland holds no jurisdictional authority over other Polish bishops or their dioceses, but is ''durante munere'' a member of the standing committee of the episcopal conference and has honorary precedence among Polish bishops (e.g., in liturgical ceremonies). The Holy See has also granted Polish primates the privilege of wearing cardinal's crimson attire, except for the skullcap and biretta, even if they have not been made cardinals.〔(Joseph Lins, "Gniesen-Posen" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1909) )〕〔(Aurelio Palmieri, "Archdiocese of Warsaw" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York, 1912) )〕 Where the title of primate exists, it may be vested in one of the oldest archdioceses in a country, often based in a city other than the present capital, but which was the capital when the country was first Christianized. The city may no longer have the prominence it had when the title was granted. The political area over which primacy was originally granted may no longer exist: for example, the Archbishop of Toledo was designated "Primate of the Visigothic Kingdom", and the Archbishop of Lyon is the "Primate of the Gauls".〔 Some of the leadership functions once exercised by primates, specifically presiding at meetings of the bishops of a nation or region, are now exercised by the president of the conference of bishops: "The president of the Conference or, when he is lawfully impeded, the vice-president, presides not only over the general meetings of the Conference but also over the permanent committee."〔(John P. Beal, ''New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law'' ) (Paulist Press 2002 ISBN 978-0-80914066-4), p. 595〕 The president is generally elected by the conference, but by exception the President of the Italian Episcopal Conference is appointed by the Pope, and the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference has the Primate of All Ireland as President and the Primate of Ireland as Vice-President. Other former functions of primates, such as hearing appeals from metropolitan tribunals, were reserved to the Holy See by the early 20th century.〔 Soon after, by the norm of the Code of Canon Law of 1917, confirmed in the 1983 Code, the tribunal of second instance for appeals from a metropolitan tribunal is "the tribunal which the metropolitan has designated in a stable manner with the approval of the Apostolic See".〔(John P. Beal, ''New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law'' (Paulist Press 2002 ISBN 978-0-80914066-4), p. 1631 )〕 The closest equivalent position in the Eastern Churches in 1911 was an exarch.〔 The Holy See has continued in modern times to grant the title of primate. With the decree ''Sollicitae Romanis Pontificibus'' of 24 January 1956 it granted the title of Primate of Canada to the Archbishop of Quebec.〔(' ), in ''Mandements, lettres pastorales et circulaires des évêques de Québec'', vol. XVIII : ''Son Éminence le Cardinal Maurice Roy (1955-1966)'', Québec, Chancellerie de l'archevêché, 1967, pp. 44-46, suivi de la (traduction en français ) du décret, (pp. 47-48) (page viewed February 14, 2014)〕 As stated above, this is merely an honorary title involving no additional power.〔(Paul A. Bramadat, David Seljak, ''Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada'' (University of Toronto Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-80209584-8), p. 131 )〕 A right of precedence over other bishops and similar privileges can be granted even to a bishop who is not a primate. Thus, in 1858, the Holy See granted the Archbishop of Baltimore precedence in meetings of the United States bishops. The Archbishop of Westminster has not been granted the title of Primate of England and Wales, which is sometimes applied to him, but his position has been described as that of "chief metropolitan" and as "similar to" that of the Archbishop of Canterbury.〔" As ordinary of the Diocese of Westminster his jurisdiction extends over much the same area as that of the Bishop of London. As chief metropolitan, he occupies a position similar to that of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England" (). "By the grant in the Apostolic Constitution of 'certain new distinctions of preeminence', for the preservation of unity in government and policy, to the archbishop of Westminster for the time being, comprised under the following three heads: He will be permanent chairman of the meetings of the Bishops of all England and Wales, and for this reason it will be for him to summon these meetings and to preside over them, according to the rules in force in Italy and elsewhere. (2) He will take rank above the other two Archbishops, and will throughout all England and Wales enjoy the privilege of wearing the Pallium, of occupying the throne, and of having the cross borne before him. (3) Lastly, in all dealings with the Supreme Civil Authority, he will in his person represent the entire Episcopate of England and Wales. Always, however, he is to take the opinion of all the Bishops, and to be guided by the votes of the major part of them'. Thus, though the Archbishop of Westminster was vested with more powers and privileges than primates usually enjoy, unity of action has been safeguarded" ().〕 The title of primate is sometimes applied loosely to the archbishop of a country's capital, as in the case of the archbishops of Seoul in South Korea and Edinburgh in Scotland. Functions can sometimes be exercised in practice (de facto), as by a de facto government, without having been granted by law; but since "primate" is today a title, not a function, there is no such thing as a "de facto" primate. The pre-reformation archbishop of Nidaros was sometimes referred to as Primate of Norway,〔http://old.fortidsminneforeningen.no/properties/59/111〕 even though it's unlikely that this title ever was officially granted him by the Holy See. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「primate bishop」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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